How Did William Shakespeare Die

Unfortunately, no one will ever know the exact cause of Shakespeares death. But there are some tantalizing facts that help us build a picture of what the most likely cause would have been. Here, we take a look at the last weeks of Shakespeare’s life, his burial and the Bard’s fear of what might happen to his remains. Too Young to Die Shakespeare died at just 52. If we take into account the fact that Shakespeare was a wealthy man by the end of his life, this is a relatively young age for him to die. Frustratingly, there is no record of the exact date of Shakespeare’s birth and death  -- only of his baptism and burial. The parish register of Holy Trinity Church records record his baptism at three days old on April 26, 1564, and then his burial 52 years later on April 25, 1616. The final entry in the book states â€Å"Will Shakespeare Gent†, acknowledging his wealth and gentleman status. Rumors and conspiracy theories have filled the gap left by the absence of exact information. Did he catch syphilis from his time in the London brothels? Was he murdered? Was it the same man as the London-based playwright? We will never know for sure. Shakespeares Contracted Fever The diary of John Ward, a past vicar of Holy Trinity Church, records some scant details about Shakespeare’s death, although it was written some 50 years after the event. He recounts Shakespeare’s   Ã¢â‚¬Å"merry meeting† of hard drinking with two literary London friends, Michael Drayton and Ben Jonson. He writes: â€Å"Shakespear Drayton and Ben Jhonson had a merry meeting and it seems drank too hard for Shakespear died of a feavour there contracted.† Certainly, there would have been cause for celebration as Jonson would have just become poet laureate at that time and there is evidence to suggest that Shakespeare was ill for a few weeks between this â€Å"merry meeting† and his death. Some scholars suspect typhoid. It would have gone undiagnosed in Shakespeare’s time but would have brought on a fever and is contracted through unclean liquids. A possibility, perhaps -- but still pure conjecture. Shakespeares Burial Shakespeare was buried beneath the chancel floor of Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. On his ledger stone is inscribed a stark warning to anyone wanting to move his bones: Good friend, for Jesus sake forebeare, To digg the dust enclosed heare; Bleste be the man that spares thes stones, And curst be he that moves my bones. But why did Shakespeare deem it necessary to place a curse on his grave to ward off gravediggers? One theory is Shakespeare’s fear of the charnel house; it was common practice at that time for the bones of the dead to be exhumed to make space for new graves. The exhumed remains were kept in the charnel house. At Holy Trinity Church, the charnel house was very close to Shakespeare’s final resting place. Shakespeare’s negative feelings about the charnel house crops up again and again in his plays. Here’s Juliet from Romeo and Juliet describing the horror of the charnel house: Or shut me nightly in a charnel-house,Oer-coverd quite with dead mens rattling bones,With reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls;Or bid me go into a new-made graveAnd hide me with a dead man in his shroud;Things that, to hear them told, have made me tremble; The idea of digging up one set of remains to make room for another may seem horrific today but was quite commonplace in Shakespeare’s lifetime. We see it in ​Hamlet  when Hamlet stumbles across the sexton digging out the grave of Yorick. Hamlet famously holds the exhumed skull of his friend and says â€Å"Alas, poor Yorick, I knew him.

Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Essay - 542 Words

Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Orson Welles produced, directed and starred in Citizen Kane, the classic masterpiece which communicates its original narrative through ground-breaking cinematography, lighting, music, setting, sound and performances. The film has underlying symbols in every single shot, and uses innumerable cinematic devices to convey meaning. One of the many implications Citizen Kane makes is strongly embodied in the sequence of Kane and his wife Susan at their palace, Xanadu. Welles choice of camera shots, mise-en-scene and movement in this sequence are used effectively to symbolize womens inferiority to men. The manner in which Susan Alexander is shot in this sequence is†¦show more content†¦As the camera cuts to a long shot taken from behind Kanes left shoulder, Susan appears so small that the spectator must actually search the mise-en-scene for her. By choosing these particular camera shots and angles, Welles uses cinematic devices to portray women. Mise-en-scene takes an important role in this sequence, as it strongly illustrates the powerlessness and irrelevance of Susan. In front of the vast empty fireplace completing her endless jigsaw puzzles, Susan kneels near the bottom of the frame, which symbolizes defencelessness and insignificance. To her right, there is a fire pump which is so large it dwarfs her, and behind to her left is a massive statue of a Roman goddess. This is ironic, since deities represent strength and authority, both of which Susan is completely lacking. The goddess takes on the dominant role of this shot instead of the living person, Susan. This particular use of mise-en-scene represents the inequality between men and women in the film. Susans movements also play a major role in implying the submissiveness of women. Gentle, graceful hand movements as she places puzzle pieces, a slow turn of the head as she acknowledges Kanes entrance, and delicately twitching her fingers as she begs Charles to go to New York; all of which indicate frailty and helplessness.Show MoreRelatedOrson Welles And Citizen Kane2180 Words   |  9 Pagesin half between his polar personalities. Charles Foster Kane has recently died and the predicament of interpreting his life and its meaning is left upon a single reporter. â€Å"†¦A group of prominent films critics were asked to list the greatest directors and the greatest films, Orson Welles and Citizen Kane both came in first (Carringer 32).† Orson Welles’ produces, co-wrote, directed, and starred in the great American classic film, Citizen Kane, at the age of 26. Throughout this entire film, the audienceRead MoreCitizen Kane, Directed By Orson Welles995 Words   |  4 Pagesand film critic Roger Ebert, Citizen Kane, is a movie directed, co-authored, produced and starred by Orson Welles and released in 1941. The film follows a series of flashbacks to solve a mystery, and is based upon newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. The movies subtle comparison between the fictional protagonist, Charles Foster Kane (played by Orson Welles) and William Randolph Hearst leads Hearst to ban any mention of the movie in his newspapers. Citizen Kane shows the harsh realities of theRead MoreCitizen Kane By Orson Welles855 Words   |  4 PagesTrying to multiply their prosperity and authority they can lose their human nature and soul, turn human relation into the market. 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Setting precedent for a new world of cinematography to arise, Welles utilised the day’s contextRead MoreOrson Welles s Citizen Kane994 Words   |  4 PagesOrson Welles’s Citizen Kane (1941) is known as one of the most innovative and highly rated films of all time. Welles and his cinematographer, Gregg Toland, were among the first filmmakers to use deep-focus photography for significant portions of the film rather than using the more classic medium and close up shots . Welles and Toland also used unconventional filming methods, such as â€Å"high contrast, unusual camera angles, and the use of shafts of light† (Cagle, Dombrowski and Ramaeker), which createdRead MoreCitizen Kane Directed by Orson Welles545 Words   |  2 PagesWhat is the meaning of life? Joseph Campbell states that, â€Å"Life has no meaning. Each of us has meaning and we bring it to life. 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A series of scenes in which this is very apparent is when a story is being told about CharlesRead MoreCitizen Kane : Film Directed By Orson Welles1203 Words   |  5 PagesCitizen Kane (Orson Welles 1941) is a film directed by Orson Welles, this film follows the life of a millionaire Foster Kane played by Orson Welles himself. The film is set in the early 1930’s and 40’s and follows his life and the presses attempt to unveil the meaning of his last mysterious word â€Å"Rosebud.† The brilliance of this film comes from the cinematography and shows the assertions of humanity through its use of Mise-en-scene and various technical aspects such as low angle shots and Deep-FocusRead Mor eFilm Analysis : Citizen Kane Directed By Orson Welles1955 Words   |  8 PagesThe 1941 film, Citizen Kane directed by Orson Welles is a phenomenal example of the exploration of innovative uses in photography, sound and editing. Orson Welles uses staging, shadows, low-key lighting, deep focus and overlapping dialogue to emphasize various aspects of the film. The main character Charles Foster Kane is sent away by his parents when he is just little boy after they come into a large amount of money. Due to this, he grows up to be an insensitive and vain man. Kane becomes very successfulRead MoreThe Film Citizen Kane : A Film Of All Time, And Director Orson Welles1425 Words   |  6 Pages Critics have called the 1941 film Citizen Kane one of the best movies of all time, and director Orson Welles’s direction is largely to thank for the work’s accolades. Citizen Kane is famous for its use of long shots, deep staging, deep focus, and, as will be considered in this paper, i ts lighting practices. Welles strategically lights his characters in order to develop them throughout the film; this paper will focus on three shots that show Jerry Thompson (William Alland) develop from functioning

Essay Anselms Ontological Argument - 1281 Words

In Chapter 2 of Anselms Proslogian, Anselm offers what was later to be characterized as his Ontological Argument, which is an argument for Gods existence he felt was so strong that even a fool as is said in Psalms 14:1- who has said in his heart, There is no God. Anselms argument is as follows : 1. God is that which nothing greater can be conceived. 2. If someone understands a thing, than that thing exists in someones understanding. 3. If someone understands that which nothing greater can be conceived, then that which nothing greater can be conceived exists in someones understanding. (from 1 and 2) 4. Someone understands that which nothing greater can be conceived. 5. Therefore, that which nothing greater can be†¦show more content†¦Anselm believed in a perfect being theology, and support for premise one resides within Anselms Principle of Gods Necessary Perfection (Marenbon 121). A being that which nothing greater can be conceived is by definition the greatest being, or most perfect being, possible. He uses the idea that that which nothing greater can be conceived exists in someones mind as a starting point, and seeks to build upon this foundation to show that God necessarily exists in reality as well. If it could not be conceived in ones understanding, then as far as this argument is concerned, it couldnt be shown to exist in reality as well. Another part of Anselms argument is the idea that it is greater to exist in reality as well as mind, rather than simply mind. This speaks specifically to premise 7 of his argument. While in a quantitative sense this is necessarily true (existing in 2 ways rather than only 1, and 2 being g reater than 1), it is certainly questionable whether the opponent of this argument would see it as being objectively better. An opponent of premise 7 might say that an idea can remain perfect, like the chocolate cake you dream about eating. Prior to eating it, you perceive it to be perfect, your mouth begins to water, and your conception of that cake you are going to eat exists in your mind in some way. Then, once you eat the cake, its dry, stale, and the frostingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Anselm’s Ontological Argument1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe ontological argument for God’s existence is a work of art resulting from philosophical argumentation. An ontological argument for the existence of God is one that attempts the method of a priori proof, which utilizes intuition and reason alone. The term a priori refers to deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the type of reasoning that proceeds from general principles or premises to derive particular information. The argument works by examining the concept of God, and arguing that it impliesRead MoreAnalysis of Anselms Ontological Argument and the Argument from Evil1448 Words   |  6 Pages2011 Analysis to Anselm’s Ontological Argument and the Argument from Evil The debate of the existence of God had been active since before the first philosopher has pondered the question. Anselm’s Ontological Argument was introduced during the 11th century and had stood deductively valid until the 18th century. Then there are the arguments to aim disprove God, such as the Argument from Evil. The Ontological argument is an a priori deductive argument. That is, an argument relating to beingRead MoreEssay on The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument is an a priori argument. The arguments attempt to prove Gods existence from the meaning of the word God. The ontological argument was introduced by Anselm of Canterbury in his book Proslogion. Anselms classical argument was based on two principals and the two most involved in this is St Anselm of Canterbury as previously mentioned and Rene Descartes. The ontological argument argues thatRead MoreEssay about Ontological Argument Critique 857 Words   |  4 Pagesis a much debated philosophical argument that has mystified philosophers since the age of the ‘Enlightenment.’ Many of the different arguments put forth and analysed though, have not adequately proven God’s existence. Although in order to move forward, failed arguments must be studied to ensure that mistakes are not repeated. One such argument is the Ontological Argument. This argument was first recorded by St. Anslem (1033-1109). Descartes adapts this argument in the fifth meditation in ‘MeditationsRead MoreOntological Argument Is Not Reliant On An Posteriori933 Words   |  4 Pages Ontological Argument Saint Anselm created the â€Å"Ontological Argument†. Saint Anselm was the archbishop of Canterbury. The premise of Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument is that, no greater being can be conceived than God. The Ontological Argument is an a priori or deductive argument. An a priori argument does not have to be supported by real or factual evidence just by reason without observation. Thus, the Ontological Argument is not reliant on an a posteriori premise. An a posteriori argumentRead MoreEssay about St. Anselm of Canterbury1110 Words   |  5 Pages In the following I intend to prove that the ontological argument is in and of itself, insufficient in proving that God exists. There are a few problems with the argument that I will be discussing in detail in an attempt to illustrate exactly why ‘The Ontological Argument’ is unsatisfactory. The Definition of ‘Greater’ St. Anselm of Canterbury defined God as â€Å"that-than-which-a-greater-cannot-be-thought† (Bailey, 2002). The problem with this definition is that the term ‘greater’ is surely up forRead MoreDale Barlet. Philosophy 100. Professor Mcandrews. 3/28/17.1253 Words   |  6 PagesDale Barlet Philosophy 100 Professor McAndrews 3/28/17 In Proslogion, Anselm argues God’s existence using what has come to be known as the ontological argument. Using the ontological argument, Anselm disproves â€Å"the fools† belief that there is no God. However, Anselm does not give enough backing to his arguments. This is particularly true in the fourth point, that it is conceivable that God exists in reality. Although I agree with Anselm, he gives no evidence to support why it is conceivable thatRead MoreValidity And Effectiveness Of Anselm s Ontological Argument On The Existence Of God1095 Words   |  5 PagesAnselm s Ontological Argument on the existence of God. I will begin by presenting Anselm’s Ontological Argument from the ground up. This includes the argument, basic idea, initial assumptions, Anselm’s definition of god, and Anselm s distinctions which are needed to completely understand the nature of my argument. Furthermore, I will present concepts of logic and define what makes an argument vali d, and circular argument because they are necessary for understanding the validity of this argument. FollowingRead MoreBeyond a Reasonable Doubt Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesAs surely as the possibility of God’s existence is self-evident to mankind, so it seems is the possibility of His non-existence. While virtually every culture throughout history has believed in at least one deity, the arguments for and against the existence of Christianity’s God have raged on for centuries. In his Institutes, John Calvin argued that God planted the knowledge of His existence in the heart of every man, saying: That there exists in the human mind, and indeed by natural instinct, someRead MoreThe Medieval Sourcebook For Anselm s 1033-1009 Proslogium1175 Words   |  5 Pages In the Medieval Sourcebook for Anselm’s 1033-1009 Proslogium, Aselm constructs an argument in which it is a deductive ontological argument. Aselm attempts to prove the existence of God through one single argument which is that God does truly exist. However, there will always be dilemmas, conflicts or predicaments when it comes to such sensitive and personal topics such as the existence of God. Atheists are types of people who do not believe in the existence of God and have been continuously denying

Cross-Cultural Communication & Business Relation-Free-Samples

Question: Discusss about the Cross-Cultural Communication and Business Relation. Answer: Introduction People from different cultural background communicate with each other and sharing cultures for business, social reasons of education or art related works are considered as cross-cultural communication. This is a change and enhancement that helps in the economic development of the countries. The relationship between countries and their politics and technologies will also prosper through this process (Okoro 2012). Employees from one nation can come and share their business with another nation through this cross-cultural communication. Thus, a business enhancement and development aspect is related to the thing and helps to expand the business globally. In this case study, Mary has to penetrate her business in China so etiquettes of China and their cultural development is one of the concerning aspects of Mary. Mr. Lau is a Chinese man and the first meeting is always very special for business so maintaining Chinese etiquette is special attention for her. The essay illustrates the possible penetrating issues of "The Aroma Shop' condiments business in China. Some of the products are really unknown to Chinese, so they may have taken those condiments but in long-term business retention an economic, political and social support is needed and that is the main concern for Mary. Chinese business etiquette In case of business mentality, Chinese people are expecting well-prepared person for the meeting. The speaker may take more than 10 copies of the proposal that what needs to be addressed but a fluent manner is needed from them. Introducing the meeting with some words at the beginning is another aspect of meeting that Chinese people generally do. Establishment of the strong relationship is also important in case of closing the deal, and Chinese people value this kind of relationship for the further progression of business (Liu 2013). It is vital that composure is being maintained by all the people in the meeting and that impacted a good attitude towards the meeting. In case of decision making, Chinese people are taking lots of time for making their decision. Sometimes the deals are heading towards the ultimate deadline but they used to do this kind of things for gain some advantages. Chinese people enter their meeting venue in hierarchical order (Harzing et al. 2012). They have mainta ined this thing and that showcase the promotable respect for the executives or managers. In between the meeting hours, they usually take 2 hours break for the refreshment. In case of greeting, handshakes are the most common thing that Chinese people are usually done at any of their meetings. Through the handshakes, a sophisticated greeting mentality and respect to the person in all forms have been evolved. In case of titles of courtesy, most of the people used their last name for interaction and communication. The thing is very relevant and dignitaries when the last name is used (So and Walker 2013). In case of the appreciation in the meeting, Chinese people use a couple of words in Chinese and respect the person for his or her deeds. In case of pleasantries, traditional approaches of food or to know about the situation are being asked by the other members and that create a bonding with organization employees and managers (Okoro 2012). In meeting, politically related discussions are not allowed as some of these interactions are creating conflict between employee In meeting, Chinese are not allowed to use strong negative statement in meeting, this kind of situations are setting back the moral of the meeting, thus problems are not considered as not a big issue of the nation. In case of body language or body movements, Chinese business etiquettes are always calm and controlled. This process will encourage the personality of Chinese people and their body posture is always formal and self-control and respectfulness are reflected through their body (Okoro 2012). Proper dress code and simplified way of talking is the best approach in case of business dealing. In case of slurping and belching while taking food is signifies the enjoyment. In a meeting projection cases, these etiquettes are also important and that is the reason all these etiquettes are needed to be judged by the people. If the idea of business is strong then all the business meetings are merely a deal signing section and Mary has to present herself in that manner so that Mr. Lau will accept the business and allowed the business in China. Cross-cultural miscommunication Cross-cultural miscommunication is a barrier in case of business advancement. If executives are not understood the culture and etiquette of the penetrating country then it will be quite tough for the business to expand their market over there. In case of law, morality, ethics, culture, art, belief, custom, and knowledge the new company and their executives will suffer in the penetrating country. The miscommunication starts from there and the in case of the globalised market it is a threat to the world (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). So socialize thoughts are implemented by the company executives in all over the world so they can adopt the culture of another nation and also know the foreign culture and ethics to deal the business in a right way. A sensitive look at the other people's culture is important and their physical environment is a learning factor for the business extension. Ethnocentrism is a challenging process as the process is dealing with the competition and the paramet er of competition may be production, quality of the upgradation but the approach of the approach of the company is important in that section to get better result form that (Zhu and Bargiela-Chiappini 2013). In this case, communication with customers is also important and the relevant attitude, in that case, will state the future of the business. HOFSTEDE Cultural Framework Figure 1: HOFSTEDE comparison between Australia and China (Source: hofstede-insights.com 2018) In case of Power Distance, the score of Australia determines the team efficacy or the way of communication with employees. The communication is informal and participative as the managers think that employee will work more efficient way if more team engagement can be enrooted (Bain et al. 2012). On the other hand, Power abuse by the superiors is a common thing to them. The leaders are the supreme power of the team and employees have to admit the work that leader has stated. In this case, Mary, have to think about presentation approach so that optimistic response expected from Mr. Lau. Individualism is almost at per its best in Australia as the people can lead their cultural ability and their families support and governmental help influence them to perceive the situation. A self-reliant approach and the promotion of decision making is the main aspect of this country, which helps employees to pursue their aspired thing perfectly (Saunders 2012). In case of China, the situation is completely different. Individual relationship or commitment in the organization is not expected by the employees, rather collectivist cultural enforcement and co-operative relationship with groups and companies are important in this nation. In case of motivating people or masculinity, Australian people are feeling proud of their success in the workplace. In the basis of hiring and promotion, behavioral shared values of achievement and success are related to the employees merit and productivity, the Australian people things so in that case, thus objectives are achieved as the conflict situation is being mitigated. On the other hand, China is a success-driven organized nation where motivations are provided from the leaders and the nations think about the future as well so the impactful work culture with direct gaining process is important in that case. In case of uncertainty avoidance in workplace and society established belief and situation understating is the most influencing matter for the country (Goodrich and De Mooij 2014). In that case, Australia is heading above China as more control to avoid this kind of situation handling is in hand of China. Cultural threat and created belief are also important in that case. The long-term orientation is a process where past challenges have examined and dealt with present scenario and future understating is also analyzed. In that situation, time-honored tradition and encourage employees for the better future is approached in a less propensity way in Australia. The score is almost four times in case of China as they are very pragmatic in culture and all the past situation analysis and traditional changes are adopted by them. In case of indulgence, Australia is far above than China. The societies and people in Australia are willing to do their desire and having fun in their life by possessing a positive attitude with them. In case of China, the situation changes for the autocratic behavior of the leader and government and the policies, this bound the desire and aspiration of the people and employees. Recommendation There are some recommended outcomes that help cross-cultural communication and active learning. Knowledge of cultural background of the penetrative nation is important. Follow the non-verbal communication style and maintain a relationship with the person that business deal will be finalized. Open minded conversation is also helpful in case of interacting with people and makes a crucial decision at the right time so that planning can proceed at that very moment (Triandis 2018). Learning practice about the nation is also important in that case and all these processes of recommendations help cross-cultural communication. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that cross-cultural communication is a concern situation that helps in every aspect of market penetration and business extension. In this case, Mary has to retain all these etiquettes when the meeting will organize. The non-verbal communication and cultural context through Hofstede model also addressed the same thing of cross-cultural motivation and practice. References Bain, P., Vaes, J., Kashima, Y., Haslam, N. and Guan, Y., 2012. Folk conceptions of humanness: Beliefs about distinctive and core human characteristics in Australia, Italy, and China.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,43(1), pp.53-58. Goodrich, K. and De Mooij, M., 2014. How socialare social media? A cross-cultural comparison of online and offline purchase decision influences.Journal of Marketing Communications,20(1-2), pp.103-116. Harzing, A.W., Brown, M., Kster, K. and Zhao, S., 2012. Response style differences in cross-national research.Management International Review,52(3), pp.341-363. Liu, H., 2013.Chinese business: Landscapes and strategies. Routledge.Chaney, L. and Martin, J., 2013.Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Okoro, E., 2012. Cross-cultural etiquette and communication in global business: Toward a strategic framework for managing corporate expansion.International journal of business and management,7(16), p.130. Saunders, M.N., 2012. Organizational trust: A cultural perspective.Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal,26(2). So, Y.L. and Walker, A., 2013.Explaining guanxi: The Chinese business network. Routledge. Triandis, H.C., 2018.Individualism and collectivism. Routledge. Zhu, Y. and Bargiela-Chiappini, F., 2013. Balancing emic and etic: Situated learning and ethnography of communication in cross-cultural management education.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), pp.380-395.